紐時賞析／「螢幕世代」學習如何識別網路假訊息

齊格勒試圖教導學生如何當一個懂得挑選網路資訊、具批判性思考的消費者。紐約時報

Giving ‘Screenagers’ Tools to See Through Online Misinformation

「螢幕世代」學習如何識別網路假訊息

Most teenagers know that baseless conspiracy theories, partisan propaganda and artificially generated deepfakes lurk on social media. Valerie Ziegler’s students know how to spot them.

多數青少年都知道，毫無根據的陰謀論、帶有黨派立場的宣傳，以及人工生成的深僞影像，潛藏在社羣媒體之中。但瓦萊麗．齊格勒的學生，不只知道它們存在，還懂得如何辨識。

At Abraham Lincoln High School in San Francisco, she trains her government, economy and history students to consult a variety of sources, recognize rage-baiting content and consider influencers’ motivations. They brainstorm ways to distinguish deepfakes from real footage.

在舊金山林肯高中，她訓練自己政府、經濟和歷史課堂的學生查閱多元資料來源、識別引戰內容並思考網紅意圖。他們集思廣益，探討如何分辨深僞和真實影像。

Ziegler, 50, is part of a vanguard of California educators racing to prepare students in a rapidly changing online world. Content moderation policies have withered at many social media platforms, making it easier to lie and harder to trust. Artificial intelligence is evolving so quickly, and generating such persuasive content, that even professionals who specialize in detecting its presence are being stumped.

50歲的齊格勒屬於加州一批走在最前線的教育工作者，他們正協助學生面對快速變遷的網路世界。許多社羣平臺的內容審查逐漸鬆動，造假更容易、信任更困難；人工智慧演進之快、內容之逼真，即使專門偵測這類內容的專業人士也束手無策。

California is ahead of many other states in pushing schools to teach digital literacy, but even there, education officials are not expected to set specific standards until later in 2026. So Ziegler and a group of her peers are forging ahead, cobbling together lesson plans from nonprofit groups and updating older coursework to address new technologies, such as the artificial intelligence that powers video apps like Sora. Their methods are hands-on, including classroom exercises that fact-check posts about history on TikTok.

在推動學校教授數位素養方面，加州領先多數州，但即便如此，教育主管機關預計要到2026年稍晚，纔會訂出明確標準。因此，齊格勒與一羣志同道合的教師選擇自行先行，從非營利組織蒐集教材、更新既有課程內容，以迴應新科技的挑戰，例如驅動Sora等影音應用的人工智慧。他們採取高度實作導向的教學方式，包括在課堂上實際查覈TikTok上的歷史相關貼文。

The News Literacy Project, a media education nonprofit, surveyed 1,110 teenagers in May 2024 and found that 4 in 10 said they had any media literacy instruction in class that year. Eight in 10 said they had come across a conspiracy theory on social media — including false claims that the 2020 election was rigged — and many said they were inclined to believe at least one of the narratives.

媒體教育非營利組織「新聞素養計劃」在2024年5月調查了1110名青少年，結果顯示，僅有4成表示當年曾在課堂上接受過任何形式的媒體素養教育；而有8成受訪者表示，曾在社羣媒體上看過陰謀論內容，包括宣稱2020年美國大選遭操弄的不實說法，且不少人坦言，至少相信其中一種說法。

Ziegler teaches the self-described “screenagers” that their social media feeds are populated using highly responsive algorithms, and that large followings do not make accounts trustworthy. In one case, students learned to distinguish between a reputable historians group on Instagram and a historical satire account with a similar name. Now, they default to double-checking information that interests them online.

齊格勒教導這些自稱爲「螢幕世代」的學生理解，他們的社羣動態是由高度即時迴應的演算法所形塑，而追蹤人數多寡，並不等同於可信度。在一個案例中，學生學會分辨Instagram上一個具公信力的歷史學者社羣，與一個名稱相近、但實爲歷史諷刺帳號的差異。如今，他們上網搜尋有興趣的資訊時都會先覈實。

“That’s the starting point,” said Xavier Malizia, 17.

17歲的馬利其亞稱：「這只是起點」。

文／Tiffany Hsu，譯／羅方妤

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